實驗室有哪些類型？

      特性劃分    

按實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)特性(xing)(xing)劃分可分為干性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)與濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)、主實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)與輔助(zhu)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)、常規實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)與特殊實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)與危險性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)。

一、干性實驗室與濕性實驗室

干性實(shi)驗(yan)室是(shi)指精(jing)密儀器室、天平室、高溫室等(deng)不使用(yong)或較(jiao)少使用(yong)水(shui)的實(shi)驗(yan)室。濕性實(shi)驗(yan)室是(shi)指進行樣品處理、容(rong)量分析、離心(xin)、沉淀、過(guo)濾等(deng)常規實(shi)驗(yan)而需(xu)要配備給排水(shui)的實(shi)驗(yan)室。

二、主實驗室與輔助實驗室

1、主實驗室

主(zhu)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)是指(zhi)進行分析、研究等核心實(shi)驗(yan)的主(zhu)要實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)，如(ru)精密儀(yi)器室(shi)等。

2、輔助實驗室

輔(fu)(fu)助實驗室(shi)是指為實現核心實驗的輔(fu)(fu)助性(xing)實驗室(shi)，如天平室(shi)、高(gao)溫(wen)室(shi)、樣品室(shi)等。

三、常規實驗室與特殊實驗室

1、常規實驗室

常(chang)規實驗室(shi)是指無壓差(cha)及(ji)凈(jing)化要求的普(pu)通化學(xue)實驗室(shi)、生物試驗室(shi)及(ji)物理實驗室(shi)。

2、特殊實驗室

特殊實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)是指潔凈實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)、防靜電實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)、恒溫(wen)恒濕實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)、移(yi)動實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)等滿足特殊需要的(de)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)。特殊實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)還包括生物安全實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)、輻射性實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)、易燃易爆(bao)危險品實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)等對人或環境有潛在危險性的(de)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)。

學科劃分

按學科劃分可分為化學實驗室、生物實驗室、物理實驗室。

一、化學實驗室

化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)主要從事無機(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)、有(you)機(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)、高分(fen)子(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)等領(ling)域的(de)研究(jiu)、分(fen)析和教學(xue)工作。一般包(bao)括理化(hua)(hua)(hua)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)、精密儀器室(shi)(shi)、天平室(shi)(shi)、標液室(shi)(shi)、藥品室(shi)(shi)、儲(chu)藏室(shi)(shi)、高溫(wen)室(shi)(shi)、純水室(shi)(shi)等。

這(zhe)主要是進行樣品處(chu)理、容量分析(xi)、離(li)心、沉(chen)淀、過(guo)濾等常規(gui)實驗和操作或儀器分析(xi)等。

二、生物實驗室

生物(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)分為動物(wu)學實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)、植物(wu)學實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)和微生物(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)。

1、動物學實驗室

動(dong)物(wu)學中(zhong)常見的毒理實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)從生(sheng)物(wu)學角度研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)化學物(wu)質對生(sheng)物(wu)機體的損害作用及其機制(zhi)，其實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室是(shi)進行毒性鑒定、安全性評(ping)價和(he)功能機制(zhi)的檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)場所，包括(kuo)普通動(dong)物(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室和(he)潔凈動(dong)物(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室，一般由前區(qu)、飼養區(qu)、動(dong)物(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室、輔助(zhu)區(qu)組成。

2、植物學實驗室

植物(wu)學(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)室主要進行植物(wu)解(jie)剖、制片染色、細(xi)胞化(hua)學(xue)成分(fen)的測(ce)(ce)定(ding)，微(wei)生物(wu)檢測(ce)(ce)、基(ji)因的分(fen)離純化(hua)、體(ti)外擴(kuo)增技術、蛋白質定(ding)量測(ce)(ce)定(ding)、電泳分(fen)析(xi)等實(shi)驗(yan)。

3、微生物實驗室

微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室分為病原微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室和衛生(sheng)(sheng)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室。

（1）病(bing)原(yuan)微(wei)生物(wu)實驗室：

病原(yuan)微(wei)生(sheng)物實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)主要(yao)以病毒(du)及細菌的鑒(jian)定(ding)和(he)分類(lei)(lei)為主，實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)設計(ji)1~4 類(lei)(lei)病毒(du)（菌），危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)比較大，這種(zhong)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)包括了對人(ren)的危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)、對環(huan)境的危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)，同時包括了對實驗(yan)對象的危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)。所以，病原(yuan)微(wei)生(sheng)物實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)應在特殊的實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)生(sheng)物安全實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)中完成。

（2）衛(wei)生(sheng)微生(sheng)物(wu)實驗(yan)室：

衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)微生(sheng)(sheng)物實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要以(yi)產品(pin)檢測和檢驗(yan)為主(zhu)，危害(hai)較小(xiao)或(huo)無(wu)危害(hai)，實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)對象主(zhu)要以(yi)食物、化妝品(pin)、空氣和水等，重點注意的是環境對樣品(pin)或(huo)樣品(pin)之間的污染，所以(yi)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)微生(sheng)(sheng)物實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要在潔凈實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)中完成。

三、物理試驗室

    物理試驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)包括電學實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)、熱學實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)、力學實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)、光學實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)、綜合物理實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)等。

行業劃分

按行業劃分(fen)可分(fen)為疾(ji)病預防控(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)心實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、出(chu)入境檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)疫系(xi)統(tong)(tong)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、藥品(pin)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、醫學(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、分(fen)析測(ce)試中(zhong)(zhong)心實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、科(ke)研(yan)孵化器實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、系(xi)統(tong)(tong)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、水質(zhi)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、環境檢(jian)測(ce)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、核電系(xi)統(tong)(tong)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、教學(xue)(xue)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、工廠實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等。

雖然行業實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室根(gen)據其行業特性有不同的(de)名稱，其實(shi)(shi)都(dou)離不開干性實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室或(huo)濕性實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室的(de)范疇，屬于化(hua)學實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室、生物實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室或(huo)物理實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室。